"You have calcium chlorate, which again is going to bring that oxygen, you use lactose, which is just sugar," Dr. Castellini said. "Sugar burns really quickly, very cleanly, so you get a clean ...

"You have calcium chlorate, which again is going to bring that oxygen, you use lactose, which is just sugar," Dr. Castellini said. "Sugar burns really quickly, very cleanly, so you get a clean ...

White smoke was seen emanating from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, indicating that a two-thirds vote has been reached to elect the new pope.

"You have calcium chlorate, which again is going to bring that oxygen, you use lactose, which is just sugar," Dr. Castellini said. "Sugar burns really quickly, very cleanly, so you get a clean ...

Potassium chlorate (KClO₃) – even more reactive than perchlorate – ensures a hot, vigorous burn. Lactose acts as the fuel, burning quickly and cleanly into water vapour and carbon dioxide.

In the afternoon, smoke may appear around 1 p.m. Eastern, 7 p.m. Vatican time if no decision is made. If a pope is elected on the first afternoon ballot, look for white smoke shortly after 11:30 a ...