Conversely, paramagnetic materials usually have partially filled orbitals, meaning the electrons are unpaired and can align their spins in the same direction. Bismuth is in Group 15 of the ...

But a lot of chemistry involves unpaired electrons, which have what you might think of as exposed spin. The spins affect the energy levels they can occupy and can interact with unpaired spins ...

The challenge of these simulations is even higher with ‘open-shell systems’ where molecules contain one or more unpaired electrons. Unlike their closed-shell counterparts, whose electrons are ...

And if you can get those unpaired electrons to line up so their magnetic fields are all pointing in the same direction, your piece of iron is suddenly a magnet.

That made it easier to pick out these electrons for further study through a process called electron spin resonance—unpaired electrons are proverbially shaken loose from the material, like ...

Neodymium atoms, for instance, possess four of these loners, while dysprosium and samarium have five. Crucially, these unpaired electrons tend to point — or spin — in the same direction, Boyd ...

Dirac electrons were predicted by P. Dirac and discovered by A. Geim, both of whom were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 and in 2010, respectively. Dirac electrons behave like photons ...

Quercetin "cleans up" free radicals by pairing with their single electrons so they can no longer cause damage. Dietary intakes of quercetin in the U.S. have been reported to be around 6-18 ...