Many communities of plants and animals are temporary. They exist for some period of time and then are gradually replaced by other species that will, in turn, be replaced by still others. This process ...
In northern Canada, the forest floor is carpeted with reindeer lichens. They look like a moss made of tiny gray branches, but they're stranger than that: they're composite organisms, a fungus and ...
Why devote a decade to documenting the lichens of Great Smoky Mountains National Park? After nearly 100 years of study, the consensus by the 21st century was that the lichens of the Smokies were a ...