Unlike traditional laser-based acceleration methods, which use flat targets and have energy limits below 100 mega-electron-volts (1 GeV = 1000 MeV), the micronozzle structure allows for sustained ...

Each atom in this metal has 29 protons and 29 electrons such that the entire wire has zero net charge. ... This ball acceleration is like the electric field.

Our results verify that laser-driven ion acceleration can ... Monte Carlo modelling for damage tracks in SiO 2 shows that an instantaneous proton ... Borghesi, M. et al. Electric field ...

Ultra-short pulse laser acceleration of protons to 80 MeV from cryogenic hydrogen jets tailored to near-critical density. Nature Communications , 2023; 14 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39739-0 Cite ...

A proton (illustrated) contains three particles called quarks (red, green and blue blobs). In electric fields, those quarks seem to move more than theory predicts, making the proton stretchier ...